Jak efektivně financovat vědu?

31. 7. 2009 / Boris Cvek

V USA se neustále řeší otázka, jak rozdělit peníze na výzkum, aby to bylo efektivní, a kritické úvahy o tom, že vědci nejsou dostatečně efektivní, jsou šířeny samotnými vědci (ctností vědce je totiž kritická mysl a objektivita, potřeba zmapovat skutečnost a přijít věcem na kloub). Nedávno si např. posteskl v článku Fresh target for cancer therapy, publikovaném v Nature, prof. Deshaies z Caltechu těmito slovy:

"Drug discovery is hard. Even harder is drug discovery aimed at biological systems that haven't previously been tested as therapeutic targets. The extraordinary challenge is brought home with sobering clarity by numbers: in 2008, only one new compound was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cancer. In the same year, the US pharmaceutical industry alone spent about $65 billion in the pursuit of new medicines, much of which went towards anticancer research --- so the apparently slow progress in discovering new cancer medicines is certainly not due to lack of investment."

Nechápu, proč v Evropě (konkrétně jsme to mohli pozorovat ve Francii a v Česku) je pro vědce tabu diskuse nad jejich efektivitou a nad tím, zda jsou prostředky vynakládané na vědu investovány rozumně. Věda potřebuje soutěž, v níž se mohou uplatnit lidé jako Einstein nebo Adams proti těm z etablovaných kruhů, kteří nic nedělají a jen vysávají peníze. Věda je prostředí, s nímž je co nejúžeji spojen pojem pokrok a vývoj, měla by být proto financovaná tam, kde se opravdu vyvíjí. Není pravda, že nějaká bezvýznamná publikace v nějakém bezvýznamném časopise se později stane zásadním objevem: většinou se zásadní objevitelé se svou myšlenkou nakonec dostanou do Science či Nature nebo jiných srovnatelných časopisů (v medicíně třeba New England Journal of Medicine). Bývá totiž přirozenou ctižádostí objevitele seznámit se svým objevem právě ty lidi, kteří ho dokážou nejlépe ocenit.

Souhlasím, že nejde jen o impakt faktory a nějakou bezduchou mašinérii, musí být ale možnost odborné diskuse o tom, zda projekty jsou kvalitní nebo nikoli, a nesmí vědeckou obec charakterizovat hyterický křik, že vědci jsou prostě zapotřebí už jen proto, že to jsou vědci (opravdu mám velké pochyby o tom, zda mnozí vědci prospívají vědě - já bych řekl, že jí naopak hrozně škodí, a ještě jsou za to placeni).

Pojďme se podívat na to, z jakých pracovišť vycházely v Nature a Science původní odborné články v náhodně vybraném čísle. Články z českých pracovišť v Nature či Science vycházejí zcela výjimečně a zaslouží si o to větší obdiv (jenomže v ČR zřejmě vyvolají spíše nenávist, protože vědci jsou si přece rovni a být lepší je zločin). Zkuste si jen tak pro zajímavost z níže uvedeného udělat přehled o poměru výzkumu USA vs. EU (btw. Švýcarsko není členským státem).

NATURE

McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell' Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany
Begues Observatory, Santpere 6 Casa 22, 08859 Begues, Barcelona, Spain
Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
Calle de la Guardia Civil 22, 46020 Valencia, Spain
Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife, Spain
Taurus Hill Observatory, Härcämäentie 88, 79480 Kangaslampi, Finland
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland
INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Catania, 78 Via S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, CNRS, UMR 6112, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44000 Nantes, France
Laboratoire AIM, Université Paris 7, CNRS UMR-7158, CEA-Saclay/DSM/IRFU/SAp, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique, CNRS UMR-6089, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
LATMOS, CNRS UMR-7620, Université Versailles-St-Quentin, 91371 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA NASA Ames Research Center M/S 244-30, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0092, USA
AOSS, PSL, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
USGS, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA
Cornell University, Astronomy Department, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Lockheed Martin, Denver, Colorado 80127, USA
The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14650, USA
School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, USA
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, USA
Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200136, China
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Kaga, 1-9-10, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63038, France
Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, W083 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive West, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langely Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
Division of Cardiovascular Research, Global-Edge Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Frontier S2-16, Nagatsuda, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan, 3-10-6 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
Hematology Division, Hospital and Early Oncogenesis Research Project, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa 377-8577, Japan
Division of Hematology, Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30, Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan
Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Lymphoma Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
Pathology Unit, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland

SCIENCE

Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Department of Medicine, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390--8573, USA
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Molecular Biology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390--8573, USA
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
-Research Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31--34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK
Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31--34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
Museo di Storia Naturale, Sezione di Mineralogia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze I-50121, Italy
Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, and Joseph Henry Laboratories, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
National Center for Electron Microcopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute, 1 University Station C2200, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712--0292, USA
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX 75243, USA
Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Proteome Analysis, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
Institute for Biology--Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luisé-Str. 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Institute for Molecular Biotechnology--IMBA, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Department of Microbiology and The Microbial Pathogenesis Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Department of Biology and Miami Institute of Molecular Imaging and Computation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA

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